232 lines
4.8 KiB
Markdown
232 lines
4.8 KiB
Markdown
---
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marp: true
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paginate: true
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theme: rose-pine
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footer: EidP 2024 - Nils Pukropp - https://git.narl.io/nvrl/eidp-2024
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style: ".columns {\r display: grid;\r grid-template-columns: repeat(2, minmax(0, 1fr));\r gap: 1rem;\r }"
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---
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# Tutorium 14 - 2025-01-23
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Closures, Automaten, Decorator, Blatt 13
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---
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## Closures - Wiederholung
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Closures sind Funktionen, bei denen Variabeln den aktuellen `Scope`, also die Umgebung der Funktion verlassen
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Beispiel:
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```python
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def make_dividable_by(m: int) -> Callable[[int], bool]:
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def dividable(n: int) -> bool:
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return n % m == 0
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return dividable
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```
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---
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## Automaten - Was ist das?
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- Mit Automaten werden endlich deterministische Automaten gemeint
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- Müssen **endlich** sein
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- Müssen **deterministisch** sein
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- Nennt man **DEA**
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---
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## DEA - *Etwas* formeller definiert
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DEA sind 5-Tupel, also $\mathfrak{A} = (Q, \Sigma, \delta, q_0, F)$, wobei
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- $Q$ die endliche Zustandsmenge ist
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- $\Sigma$ die Eingabe-Menge ist
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- $\delta : Q \times \Sigma \rightarrow Q$ die Übergangsfunktion
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- $q_0 \in Q$ der Startzustand
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- $F \subseteq Q$ die Menge der Akzeptierenden Zustände
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---
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## formelles Beispiel
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- $Q := \{q_0, q_1, q_2\}$
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- $\Sigma := \{\text{Münze}, \text{Abbruch}, \text{Getränk}, \text{Entnahme}\}$
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- $\delta : Q \times \Sigma \rightarrow Q$
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- $(q_0, \text{Münze}) \mapsto q_1$
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- $(q_1, \text{Abbruch}) \mapsto q_0$
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- $(q_1, \text{Getränk}) \mapsto q_2$
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- $(q_2, \text{Entnahme}) \mapsto q_0$
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- $q_0$ Startzustand
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- $F := \{q_0\}$
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---
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Genau genommen ist der Beispiel-Automat nicht deterministisch, warum?
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---
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---
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## DEA in Python
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```python
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@dataclass(frozen=True)
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class Automaton[Q, S]:
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delta: Callable[[Q, S], Q]
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start: Q
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finals: frozenset[Q]
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def accept(self, input: Iterable[S]) -> bool:
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state = self.start
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for c in input:
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state = self.delta(state, c)
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return state in self.finals
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```
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---
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## Decorator
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- **Design-Pattern**, oft auch **Wrapper** genannt
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- Verpackt ein Objekt um **zusätzliche Funktionalität** zu bieten
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- Funktionen sind auch Objekte
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- eine Klasse ist ein Objekt
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- Oft einfach **syntax sugar**
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---
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### Beispiel - execute_two_times
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```python
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def execute_two_times(fn: Callable[..., Any]) -> Callable[..., Any]:
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def wrapper(*args, **kwargs)
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fn(*args, **kwargs)
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fn(*args, **kwargs)
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return wrapper
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return wrapper
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@execute_two_times()
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def print_two_times(msg: str):
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print(msg)
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print_two_times("hello") # hello
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# hello
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```
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---
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### Beispiel - execute_by
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```python
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def execute_by(n: int):
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def wrapper(fn):
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def wrapped_fn(*args, **kwargs):
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for _ in range(0, n):
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fn(*args, **kwargs)
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return wrapped_fn
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return wrapped_fn
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return wrapper
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@execute_by(10)
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def print_ten_times(msg: str):
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print(msg)
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print_ten_times("hello") # hello
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# hello
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# ... (10 mal)
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```
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---
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### Beispiel - CommandDispatcher
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```python
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class CommandDispatcher[R]:
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def __init__(self):
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self.__commands: dict[str, Callable[..., R]] = {}
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```
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---
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### Beispiel - run
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```python
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def run(self, name: str, *args, **kwargs) -> list[R]:
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results : list[R] = []
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for command_name, command in self.__commands.items():
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if command_name == name:
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results += [command(*args, **kwargs)]
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return results
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```
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---
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### Beispiel - register
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```python
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def register(self, cmd: Callable[..., R]) -> Callable[..., R]:
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self.__commands[cmd.__name__] = cmd
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return cmd
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```
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---
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### Beispiel - CommandDispatcher
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```python
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class CommandDispatcher[R]:
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def __init__(self):
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self.__commands: dict[str, Callable[..., R]] = {}
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def run(self, name: str, *args, **kwargs) -> list[R]:
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results: list[R] = []
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for command_name, command in self.__commands.items():
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if command_name == name:
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results += [command(*args, **kwargs)]
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return results
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def register(self, cmd: Callable[..., R]) -> Callable[..., R]:
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self.__commands[cmd.__name__] = cmd
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return cmd
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```
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---
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### Beispiel - How to use
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```python
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app = CommandDispatcher()
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@app.register
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def hello_world() -> str:
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return 'hello_world'
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@app.register
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def divide(a: int, b: int) -> str:
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if b == 0:
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return "tried to divide by zero"
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return str(a / b)
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print(app.run('hello_world'))
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print(app.run('divide', 5, 0))
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print(app.run('divide', 10, 2))
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```
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---
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## Decorator in der Klausur
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- Waren noch nie Bestandteil der Klausur
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- Mut zur Lücke
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- Kann euch natürlich nichts versprechen
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---
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# [Blatt 13](https://proglang.github.io/teaching/24ws/eidp/exercises/sheet13.pdf)
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